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Study Of Malaria - An Example Of Biological Method    malaria is a common disease in many countries including Pakistan.   history  :In ancient times (more than 2000 years ago), physicians were familiar with malaria. They described it as a disease of chills and fevers with recurring attacks. They also observed that the disease was more common among people living in low, marshy areas. It was thought that the stagnant water of marshes poisoned the air and as a result of breathing in this “bad air”, people got malaria. This belief led to the name of this disease. The Italian words “mala” means bad and “aria” means air. For further clarification of the observation, some volunteers drank stagnant water from the marshes. They did not develop malaria. In the 17th century when the New World (America) was discovered, many plants from America were sent back to Europe to be used as medicines. The bark of a tree known as quina-quina was very suitable for curing fevers. It...

          Science is the systemized knowledge derived from observations and experiments.  These  experiments are carried out to determine the principles about how nature operates. Scientists like chemists, biologists and physicists use the same scientific method to make and test new theories. In this chapter, we will study the steps of biological method. We will study malaria as an example to understand the steps in detail. 2.1 Biological Method Questions about living things have provided problems that man has investigated to aid his own survival and to satisfy his desire to know. The scientific method in which biological problems are solved, is termed as biological method . It comprises the steps a biologist adopts in order to solve a biological problem. Biological method has played an important part in scientific research for almost 500 years. From Galileo’s experiment (in the 1590s) to current research, the biological method has contributed to...

  Chapter 1|Biology 9th Class for FBISE &RBISE The detail topic by topic explanation of chapter 1 with PowerPoint slide notes for students of grade 9. CHAPTER – 1 Introduction to Biology Science: Our universe operates under certain principles. For understanding of these principles, the experiments are done and observations are made; on the basis of which logical conclusions are drawn. Such a study is called “Science”. In brief science is the knowledge based on experiments and observations. Biology: The Scientific study of living organisms is called Biology. The word biology is derived from two Greek words “bios” meaning life and “logos” meaning thought, discourse, reasoning or study. It means that all aspects of life and every type of living organism are discussed in biology. Branches of Biology: Biology is divided into following branches: Morphology: The study of form and structure of living organisms is called morphology. It can be further divided into following two part...